Corruption in Hamlet by William Shakespeare - 1279 Words

In general terms, corruption is the act of corrupting or of impairing integrity, virtue, or moral principle. In politics, corruption is the misuse of public power and image.Whether it is realized or not, no country is wholly free of the disease of corruption, and if it is allowed to develop and become significantly strong, it can obstruct the good processes of governing and deteriorate the fabric of society. It can become a barrier to continual development and make it so that essentially no room remains for justice to succeed. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the destructive force of corruption is clearly exemplified through the abundance of imagery concerning decay, death, disease, sickness, and infection as the play progresses. The first and†¦show more content†¦When the fallen King Hamlet returns as the Ghost to warn Hamlet about the corruption in Elsinore,Hamlet learns the cause of his father’s death: he was murdered at the hand of Claudius by way of poison. The Gh ost insists that Hamlet evens the score of his death by killing Claudius and therefore wiping out the foul disease that has taken hold. Contrary to the current state of affairs, under King Hamlet the kingdom of Denmark had been honored and respected and recognized as strong and good.During this time, Denmark could have been compared to a garden that has been looked after and cared for, unlike the â€Å"unweeded garden† it became under the sinful rule of Claudius (1.2.139). Marcellus’ comment refers to this and that Claudius is the impetus for the rot of the country. Claudius’ murderous plan, which gave him his new founded power, has begun the infection of the people around him. The Ghost tells Hamlet to â€Å"revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (1.5.31). The image of Claudius’ foul sin of murder is exhibited by the suggestions of physical contagion in the night air. Adjectives such as nasty, rank, blasted, and infected have â€Å"powerful connotations of physical evil† and all point to the situation that has befallen the castle (Altick 171). Shakespeare represents Hamlet as a dignified prince who is attempting to combat the evil and corruption of his world. After the visit from the Ghost, he has come to know and understand what he must do: restore Elsinore to itsShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - The Moral Corruption Essay2770 Words   |  12 Pages William Shakespeare’s Hamlet has been widely regarded as one of the greatest tragedies ever written. One prominent theme exemplified in this particular play is the theme of rottenness or decay. Shakespeare uniquely uses disease, rotting, and decay in order to reveal the manifestation and consequence of moral corruption. Physical corruption mirrors the moral corruption within the characters in the play. The moral corruption in Denmark is showcased for the readers throughout the play by images ofRead MoreCorruption By William Shakespeare s Hamlet1423 Words   |  6 Pagesentirely free from corruption. Nevertheless, if corruption is strong enough, it can hinder the good governance and decay the fabric of society. It is an obstacle to sustainable development, and leaves little room for justice to prevail. Central to the plot and the themes developed in Shakespeare s Hamlet, are the varying elements of corruption, which occur during the play. This is echoed in Marcellus famous co mment of Something is rotten in the state of Denmark, when Hamlet is beckoned awayRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet856 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is an American playwright and poet. He was born April 23, 1564 and died on the same day 52 years later on April 23, 1616. Throughout his life, he has accomplished many things. Some of his most famous works include but are not limited to Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. For one of his famous works, Hamlet, Shakespeare uses plot to strengthen the point of corruption in the play. Another element used to further help the theme of the play is character. The final literary elementRead MoreCorruption: The Good, The Bad and The Decayed Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagesoften convey corruption within a story. The use of this particular imagery allows one to make a connection between the natural world and the nature of people. Throughout Hamlet, a play, set in Denmark, which was written in the early seventeenth cen tury by William Shakespeare, there are several instances where one sees decay depicting corruption. Though this play is filled with massive images of decaying nature, it is also filled with images of nature in its beautiful state. Because Hamlet portrays decayingRead MoreEssay on Hamlet Metaphor1089 Words   |  5 Pagesconcept in a literary work. This is the case in William Shakespeares Hamlet, a revenge tragedy that continually depicts the vibrant metaphors of manifesting corruption and festering disease in order to auger the impending calamities in the state of Denmark. Throughout Shakespeares play, there are successive images of deterioration, decay and death. These images are skilfully accomplished through the use of metaphors of rotting and dead gardens. Shakespeare wonderfully creates these metaphors thatRead More hamlet metaphor Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary work. This is the case in William Shakespearequot;quot;s Hamlet, a revenge tragedy that continually depict s the vibrant metaphors of manifesting corruption and festering disease in order to auger the impending calamities in the state of Denmark. Throughout Shakespearequot;quot;s play, there are successive images of deterioration, decay and death. These images are skilfully accomplished through the use of metaphors of rotting and dead gardens. Shakespeare wonderfully creates these metaphorsRead More Hamlet Virtue vs. Villainy Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesHamlet Virtue vs. Villainy   Ã‚   The legendary drama, Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare is a play illustrating the theme of virtue vs. villainy. The 17th century tragedy is plagued with treachery and deceit as it opens with the news of a foul murder in the kingdom of Denmark. Prince Hamlet, by word of his late fathers ghost, is informed that his uncle Claudius is to blame for his fathers sudden demise. Prince Hamlets mission is to uncover the secrets surrounding the murder and toRead MoreLanguage Techniques in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage Techniques in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Shakespeare used a variety of language techniques throughout Hamlet, which contribute to the themes in the play. They also help to add more meaning and understanding for the audience. Soliloquies, word play, symbols and other figurative language are some of these important techniques that enhance Hamlet. The way Shakespeare switches fromRead MoreLiterary Techniques Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare1700 Words   |  7 Pages In the literary masterpiece Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the use of literary techniques contributes significantly to the development of the theme. The story of Hamlet belongs to a tradition of revenge tragedies that were familiar to the Elizabethan audiences. The theme of the play is: when one’s actions are tainted with corruption, their actions can result in others seeking revenge for the pleasures of gratification. The literary technique of parallelism contributes to the developmentRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the use

The Importance of Education for Children with Disability...

Education and Disability INTRODUCTION The importance of education for all children, especially for those with disability and with limited social and economic opportunities, is indisputable. Indeed, the special education system allowed children with disability increased access to public education. Apart from that, the special education system has provided for them an effective framework for their education, and for the institutions involved to identify children with disability sooner. In turn, this promotes greater inclusion of children with disability alongside their nondisabled peers. In spite of these advances however, many obstacles remain, including delays in providing services for children with disability, as well as regulatory and†¦show more content†¦Also, they are often held to lower expectations, are less likely to take the full academic curriculum in higher education, and have a higher tendency to drop out of school. This study intends to explore on the services offered to students with disabilities, and the outcomes of these services to their education and career goals. It will examine if the obstacles faced by special needs children have to do with how effective the policies are in addressing the needs of such children. This study is important to children with disabilities because it can help them discover the education opportunities available for them, the institutions they can rely on for economic support, and the treatment they should expect from the society. RESEARCH QUESTIONS Many studies focused on how the services for special needs children contribute to their education. However, very few studies recognize the role of the society in their attitude towards success. This paper answers the following questions: 1) how education affect the disabled, 2) how to improve education outcomes for students with disabilities, 3) how can the society deal with the disabled students, and 3) how to identify special learning disabilities. METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN In an attempt to answer the four research questions, four related empirical studies are evaluated. The first study by Aron and Loprest in 2012 deals with the importance of specialShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Special Learning Needs For Children With Disabilities, And Different Processes / Aspects Of Special Education1111 Words   |  5 Pageswas asked to an individual who frequently interacts with children with some form of disability. The purpose of this assignment is to gain a deeper understanding of students with disabilities, the individuals who interact with them, and different processes/aspects of special education. Amy Edwards - a special education teacher at McKinley Elementary located in Xenia, Ohio was interviewed. Ms. Edwards first became interested in special education at a young age. The pastor at her church had a daughterRead MoreLevel 3 Diploma998 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 030 Outcome 1: . 1.1. Describe the social, economic and cultural factors that will impact on the lives of children Look at the factors below how will could they affect a child’s life; * Education; poor education could effect future goals and aspirations * Disability; unable to access certain services or activities * Poverty; poor health and hygiene, lack of activities and experiences being accessed * Housing; poor health, unable to develop fully. * Offending behaviour;Read MoreFamily Participation And Child Needs Special Education1509 Words   |  7 PagesParents know their children better than anyone else. That s why parent involvement play a crucial role when the child needs special education. This essay will discuss the importance of family participation and impacts of family participation in special education. Firstly, the essay will briefly describe what challenges special need children face, secondly, the essay will discuss key terms in the literature about the importance of family participation in education program and importance of parents inRead MoreCommunity Participation And Social Inclusion1493 Words   |  6 Pageson the participation of many disadvantaged groups, such as people with disability. Studies from the General Social Survey indicate that on average, people with disability are 15% less likely to participate in sport than the overall population. It strongly suggests the type of disability and suppor t needs are important considerations in the participation and non-participation forms of people with disability. Inclusive education is about recognising impairment as one of many forms of human diversityRead MoreHow Special Education Has Changed Today s Society800 Words   |  4 Pagespresented in Unit One give great insights on how special education has changed in the past 31 years. People are now becoming more aware and accepting of children with disabilities when at one time others were uneducated and uncertain. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) once named Education for All Handicapped Children Act allows children with disabilities to be educated within public schools for free. Due to IDEA, children are no longer educated within residential centers, hospitalsRead MoreEarly Childhood Issues Of The 21st Century1152 Words   |  5 Pages1: â€Å"Early Childhood Issues of the 21st Century† Revision The issue that I have selected focuses on the importance of children and youth receiving early intervention, special education, and other related services under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part B. IDEA includes 14 specific categories under which children may be found eligible for early intervention, special education, and related services. Those 14 specific categories include the following: (1) autism, (2) deaf-blindnessRead MoreThe Individuals With Disabilities Education Act Essay1666 Words   |  7 PagesThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which originally began as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (EHA), was created to ensure a free and appropriate public education to children with disabilities. This policy was implemented in an effort to provide equal access to education for all. Prior to 1975, the needs of children with disabilities were highly overlooked. According to the Department of Education, Office of Special Edu cation and Rehabilitative Services (2010)Read MoreF Time : Family Life Cycle Transition Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagestransition is a non-normative event that happens outside the expected life cycle and may cause trauma or a conflict to the family of the child with the disability. These events that happen are known as unexpected transitions which are experienced at an unanticipated or unusual time during the life cycle transition of a family who have a child with disabilities (Turnbull, Turnbull, Erwin, Soodak, Shogren, 2011). For example the demise of an older person may be considered a natural part of the life cycleRead MoreChildren s Academic And Social Competencies1549 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilies, communities, and the economic future of the United States is reinforced. Surprisingly, one in four children in the United States living in low-income households enters kindergarten not equipped to learn and, as a result, fall behind from the start. â€Å"Children s academic a nd social competencies at kindergarten entry are important predictors of success throughout school; children who enter school not ready to learn struggle with academic difficulties and [can] manifest social and behaviorRead More Technology Needs in the Special Education Secondary Classroom1370 Words   |  6 Pagesspecial education classroom is lacking. Special education class rooms and resource settings utilize only the basic, out of date technology that has been in use for many years. Typically the only available technology made available to special education or resource settings are the overhead projector, television, and tape recorder. According to the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (2009), seventy-five percent of students with disabilities rarely or never use computers. General education classes

American Involvement in Ww1 Free Essays

string(50) " closed the breach at the Second Battle of Ypres\." World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world’s great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centered on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centered on the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy). These alliances both reorganized (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. We will write a custom essay sample on American Involvement in Ww1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ultimately more than 70  million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9  million combatants were killed, largely because of great technological advances in firepower without corresponding advances in mobility. It was the sixth deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved. Long-term causes of the war included the imperialistic foreign policies of the great powers of Europe, including the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Russian Empire, the British Empire, France, and Italy. The assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Yugoslav nationalist was the proximate trigger of the war. It resulted in a Habsburg ultimatum against the Kingdom of Serbia. Several alliances formed over the previous decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war; via their colonies, the conflict soon spread around the world. On 28 July, the conflict opened with the Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia, followed by the German invasion of Belgium, Luxembourg and France; and a Russian attack against Germany. After the German march on Paris was brought to a halt, the Western Front settled into a static battle of attrition with a trench line that changed little until 1917. In the East, the Russian army successfully fought against the Austro-Hungarian forces but was forced back by the German army. Additional fronts opened after the Ottoman Empire joined the war in 1914, Italy and Bulgaria in 1915 and Romania in 1916. The Russian Empire collapsed in 1917, and Russia left the war after the October Revolution later that year. After a 1918 German offensive along the western front, United States forces entered the trenches and the Allies drove back the German armies in a series of successful offensives. Germany, which had its own trouble with revolutionaries at this point, agreed to a cease-fire on 11 November 1918, later known as Armistice Day. The war had ended in victory of the Allies. By the war’s end, four major imperial powers—the German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires—had been militarily and politically defeated and ceased to exist. The successor states of the former two lost a great amount of territory, while the latter two were dismantled entirely. The map of central Europe was redrawn into several smaller states. The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The European nationalism spawned by the war and the breakup of empires, the repercussions of Germany’s defeat and problems with the Treaty of Versailles are generally agreed to be factors contributing to World War II. The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication. Germany had promised to support Austria-Hungary’s invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously-tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but the replacements had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia. Germany, however, envisioned Austria-Hungary directing most of its troops against Russia, while Germany dealt with France. This confusion forced the Austro-Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts. On 9 September 1914, the September program, a possible plan which detailed Germany’s specific war aims and the conditions that Germany sought to force on the Allied Powers, was outlined by German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg. It was never officially adopted. Military tactics before World War I had failed to keep pace with advances in technology. These advances allowed for impressive defense systems, which out-of-date military tactics could not break through for most of the war. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances. Artillery, vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground extremely difficult. The Germans introduced poison gas; it soon became used by both sides, though it never proved decisive in winning a battle. Its effects were brutal, causing slow and painful death, and poison g as became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war. Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as the tank. Britain and France were its primary users; the Germans employed captured Allied tanks and small numbers of their own design. After the First Battle of the Marne, both Entente and German forces began a series of outflanking maneuvers, in the so-called â€Å"Race to the Sea†. Britain and France soon found themselves facing entrenched German forces from Lorraine to Belgium’s coast. Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended the occupied territories; consequently, German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy. Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be â€Å"temporary† before their forces broke through German defenses. Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915 at the Second Battle of Ypres, the Germans (violating the Hague Convention) used chlorine gas for the first time on the Western Front. Algerian troops retreated when gassed and a six-kilometer (four-mile) hole opened in the Allied lines that the Germans quickly exploited, taking Kitchener’s’ Wood. Canadian soldiers closed the breach at the Second Battle of Ypres. You read "American Involvement in Ww1" in category "Essay examples" At the Third Battle of Ypres, Canadian and ANZAC troops took the village of Passchendaele. At the start of the war, the German Empire had cruisers scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping. The British Royal Navy systematically hunted them down, though not without some embarrassment from its inability to protect Allied shipping. For example, the German detached light cruiser SMS Emden, part of the East-Asia squadron stationed at Tsingtao, seized or destroyed 15 merchantmen, as well as sinking a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. However, most of the German East-Asia squadron—consisting of the armored cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, light cruisers Nurnberg and Leipzig and two transport ships—did not have orders to raid shipping and was instead underway to Germany when it met British warships. The German flotilla and Dresden sank two armored cruisers at the Battle of Coronel, but was almost destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in December 1914, with only Dresden and a few auxiliaries escaping, but at the Battle of Mas a Tierra these too were destroyed or interned. Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval blockade of Germany. The strategy proved effective, cutting off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated accepted international law codified by several international agreements of the past two centuries. Britain mined international waters to prevent any ships from entering entire sections of ocean, causing danger to even neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. The 1916 Battle of Jutland (German: Skagerrakschlacht, or â€Å"Battle of the Skagerrak†) developed into the largest naval battle of the war, the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. It took place on 31 May  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 1 June 1916, in the North Sea off Jutland. The Kaiserliche Marine’s High Seas Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer, squared off against the Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet, led by Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. The engagement was a stand off, as the Germans, outmaneuvered by the larger British fleet, managed to escape and inflicted more damage to the British fleet than they received. Strategically, however, the British asserted their control of the sea, and the bulk of the German surface fleet remained confined to port for the duration of the war. German U-boats attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. The nature of submarine warfare meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the notorious sinking of the passenger ship RMS Lusitania in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the â€Å"cruiser rules† which demanded warning and placing crews in â€Å"a place of safety†. Finally, in early 1917 Germany adopted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, realizing the Americans would eventually enter the war. Germany sought to strangle Allied sea lanes before the U. S. could transport a large army overseas, but could maintain only five long-range U-boats on station, to limited effect. The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in convoys, escorted by destroyers. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the hydrophone and depth charges were introduced, accompanying destroyers might attack a submerged submarine with some hope of success. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies, since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled. The solution to the delays was an extensive program to build new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys. The U-boats had sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at a cost of 199 submarines. World War I also saw the first use of aircraft carriers in combat, with HMS Furious launching Sopwith Camels in a successful raid against the Zeppelin hangars at Tondern in July 1918, as well as blimps for antisubmarine patrol. In December 1916, after ten brutal months of the Battle of Verdun and a successful offensive against Romania, the Germans attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. Soon after, U. S. President Woodrow Wilson attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking in a note for both sides to state their demands. Lloyd George’s War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions amongst the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson’s note as a separate effort, signaling that the U. S. was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the â€Å"submarine outrages†. While the Allies debated a response to Wilson’s offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favor of â€Å"a direct exchange of views†. Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and recognition of the principle of nationalities. This included the liberation of Italians, Slavs, Romanians, Czecho-Slovaks, and the creation of a â€Å"free and united Poland†. On the question of security, the Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars, complete with sanctions, as a condition of any peace settlement. The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer, because Germany did not state any specific proposals. To Wilson, the Entente powers stated that they would not start peace negotiations until the Central powers evacuated all occupied Allied territories and provided indemnities for all damage which had been done. At the outbreak of the war the United States pursued a policy of non-intervention, avoiding conflict while trying to broker a peace. When a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard, U. S. President Woodrow Wilson claimed that â€Å"America is too proud to fight† but demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. However, he also repeatedly warned that the U. S. A. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law and U. S. ideas of human rights. Wilson was under pressure from former president Theodore Roosevelt, who denounced German acts as â€Å"piracy†. Wilson’s desire to have a seat at negotiations at war’s end to advance the League of Nations also played a role in the eventual decision to join the war. Wilson’s Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan, whose opinions had been ignored, resigned in 1915, as he could no longer support the president’s policy. Public opinion was angered at suspected German sabotage of Black Tom in Jersey City, New Jersey, and the Kingsland Explosion. In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. The German Foreign Minister, in the Zimmermann Telegram, told Mexico that U. S. ntry was likely once unrestricted submarine warfare began, and invited Mexico to join the war as Germany’s ally against the United States. In return, the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona that Mexico had lost during the Mexican-American War 70  years earlier. Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public, and Americans saw it as casus belli— a cause for war. After the sinking of seven U. S. merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmerman telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany, which the U. S. Congress declared on 6 April 1917. The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled â€Å"Associated Power†. The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act, it drafted 2. 8 million men, and by summer 1918 was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the U. S. Congress gave U. S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones Act. Germany had miscalculated, believing it would be many more months before American soldiers would arrive and that their arrival could be stopped by U-boats. The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland, and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of U. S. Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted U. S. units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. The U. S. rejected the first proposition and accepted the second. General John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up U. S. units to be used as reinforcements for British Empire and French units. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to be used in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a unit Croix de Guerre for their actions at Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and Sechault. AEF doctrine called for the use of frontal assaults, which had long since been discarded by British Empire and French commanders because of the large loss of life. After the war, the Paris Peace Conference imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles officially ended the war. Building on Wilson’s 14th point, the Treaty of Versailles also brought into being the League of Nations on 28 June 1919. In signing the treaty, Germany acknowledged responsibility for the war, and agreed to pay enormous war reparations and award territory to the victors. The â€Å"Guilt Thesis† became a controversial explanation of later events among analysts in Britain and the United States. The Treaty of Versailles caused enormous bitterness in Germany, which nationalist movements, especially the Nazis, exploited with a conspiracy theory they called the Dolchstosslegende (Stab-in-the-back legend). The Weimar Republic lost the former colonial possessions and was saddled with accepting blame for the war, as well as paying punitive reparations for it. Unable to pay them with exports (as a result of territorial losses and postwar recession), Germany did so by borrowing from the United States. Runaway inflation in the 1920s contributed to the economic collapse of the Weimar Republic, and the payment of reparations was suspended in 1931 following the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression worldwide. U. S. intervention in the war, as well as the Wilson administration itself, became deeply unpopular. This was reflected in the U. S. Senate’s rejection of the Versailles Treaty and membership in the League of Nations. In the interwar era, a consensus arose that U. S. intervention had been a mistake, and the Congress passed laws in an attempt to preserve U. S. neutrality in any future conflict. Polls taken in 1937 and the opening months of World War II established that nearly 60% regarded intervention in WWI as a mistake, with only 28% opposing that view. But, in the period between the fall of France and the attack on Pearl Harbor, public opinion changed dramatically and, for How to cite American Involvement in Ww1, Essay examples

Effect of Media Violence Exposure †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Media Violence Exposure. Answer: Introduction: The revolutionary concept of using electronic media for the purpose of marketing communication is gaining extreme popularity with different genres of business organizations, and adding the extra element of social media has contributed large to the rapid growth that this concept has gained. Despite the charming popularity statistics of this marketing idea, different organizations are still sceptical about using SOME for their marketing mix due to the perceived risks associated with this idea limiting their use. There are various risks associated with the use of social media marketing for a corporate entity given the dynamic nature if customer market, and this is what is perceived as the risky society by the most of the business management authors (Andreassen, Pallese Griffiths, 2017). The use of the new form of electronic form of media are done majorly on the marketing communication for gaining the full amount of the reputation with the organizations and adapting to the use of the so cial media is also enjoying the (SOME) for enjoying the particular form of the rapid form of growth. However, the organizations are been associated with the using of the SOME in the communication of the marketing arena (Utz Breuer, 2017). The individuals tend to explore various forms of effectiveness for the procedural controls and the processes that are done for managing these forms of risks. The results also shows that the organizations perceives the three kinds of the risks that can be avoided in the companies from the increasing the use of the SOME. Corporate organizations applied form of the practical form of the controlling the mechanisms for managing time loss of the risks (Mathews, 2016). The familiarity of the organization with SOME was found for having the strong form of impact on the resources like loos of time and for the other types of the other forms of the factors of the risks. Several researches have reviled that the role of the proactive form of the focus and the c ontrol over the procedures that are been managed for the SOME related risks are very less being anticipated. In a broader form, the social media actually refers to the phone or the application that are based on the internet for engaging themselves in the communication with the other form of people who are across space and the time. The most popular form of the social media are the Facebook and the Twitter which sufficiently serves the purpose for serving the main purpose. The other common forms are the Tumblr and the Reddit that are mostly used for blogging the applications or the websites for allowing the users for interacting with each other that can be identified as the form of social media. The defining form of all the features that the social media provides always enables the large number of the people and the potential form of the strangers for communicating with all the members who have been streamlined. In all other senses, the fact that the social media has completely taken over the interpersonal forms of relationships should not be ignored when discussing the risks associated with social media (Fikkers et al., 2013). However, the sense is very superficial. The truth is that the actual form of the interpersonal relationships that requires the present to the friend of the individuals, that requires one to be able to have a very much face to face of conversations that are been conducted with them without even distracted by competing the demands for getting the attention of the individuals. The users of the social media have also become very much incapable for the current situation. As the people are very much purged with the virtual form of world, they are never actually very present in the actual form of world for the world that the individuals are been living. Physiologically there have been episodes where the individuals are always having a distant relationship with their partners . The social media management has become a very much common form of place for having the hard time that are been live without any concerns. The websites are been intended for connecting the people that are been splitting them up (Trainor et al., 2014). It has been observed that nearly about the cases that involves the elements of the mind that are been mined from the social networking sites. Nowadays it has been a common form in the recent years that everyone around the world has created the tradition of dating in the online forum. In the recent years, it has been seen that the youth is very much comfortable for the use of the online medium for knowing people and also dating. The Tinder and the other sites are there for connecting two people to have a romantic form of relationships (Utz Breuer, 2017). On a recent survey, many individuals have noticed that they have made platonic form of friends and also professional contacts for the through these sites. However, it has also been found that one single mother have also stated that she has expanded her areas of friendship through Tinder. However, many individuals have reported that they have encountered their romantic dalliances with the help of the social networking site especially through twitter. They have also ensured that it is a good form of platform for the like the lively situation in their lives (Fikkers et al., 2013). Therefore, it is very much evident that there are the habit of using of the social media definitely has a myriad of positive form of impact on building the relationships. References Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey.Addictive Behaviors,64, 287-293. Fikkers, K. M., Piotrowski, J. T., Weeda, W. D., Vossen, H. G., Valkenburg, P. M. (2013). Double dose: High family conflict enhances the effect of media violence exposure on adolescents aggression.Societies,3(3), 280-292. Hudson, S., Roth, M. S., Madden, T. J., Hudson, R. (2015). The effects of social media on emotions, brand relationship quality, and word of mouth: An empirical study of music festival attendees. Tourism Management,47, 68-76. Mathews, A. (2016). Media Bias: How Much Does it Hurt or Help the Media-Public Relationship?. Trainor, K. J., Andzulis, J. M., Rapp, A., Agnihotri, R. (2014). Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), 1201-1208. Utz, S., Breuer, J. (2017). The Relationship Between Use of Social Network Sites, Online Social Support, and Well-Being.Journal of Media Psychology.

How does the opening sequence of Gladiator and Saving Private Ryan raise the audiences expectations Essay Example

How does the opening sequence of Gladiator and Saving Private Ryan raise the audiences expectations Paper Before the films Saving Private Ryan and Gladiator have begun the audience already has an expectation of the film based on the actors and directors of the two movies. Both films have Auteurs as directors and have famous actors playing the protagonist of the movies. This will give the audience expectations of the film based on the status of the actors and directors. Both directors Steven Spielberg and Ridley Scott have directed impressive films in all types of genre. Tom Hanks and Russell Crowe play the protagonists in the two films (Tom Hanks-Saving Private Ryan Russell Crowe-Gladiator) which are shown in the posters advertising the two films; these also show the genre of the two movies. The opening sequence of the two movies features montages with very little background sound. Gladiators opening shots show a close up of a hand being run through a field. The hand has a ring on showing that the man is married. The field is bathed in golden light; strong contrast to the first shot of the protagonist, which is lit with chiaroscuro. The successions of these two shots give us the impression that the hand belonged to the protagonist, Russell Crowe. Russell Crowe plays the general Maximus Deridius. The opening shots of Saving Private Ryan feature an Old man walking down a path in bright light on a sunny day. While the man is walking a group of people follow him down the path, telling the audience that this man is quite important. The man is walking in a graveyard and after walking to a particular grave he collapses crying. His sadness gives the impression that someone he knew and loved had died and was buried in that graveyard. The shot then switches to a group of men in a boat which again uses chiaroscuro. There is then a series of montages featuring close ups of the men in the boat. The emotions of the men are shown in the expressions on their faces and the dark shadowy light the scene is bathed in. The protagonist of the film Tom Hanks is then shown in a close up shot but it is different to the way that we are first shown Russell Crowe in Gladiator. The first time that we see Russell Crowe in Gladiator he looks deep in thought and with very little fear on his face. We will write a custom essay sample on How does the opening sequence of Gladiator and Saving Private Ryan raise the audiences expectations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does the opening sequence of Gladiator and Saving Private Ryan raise the audiences expectations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How does the opening sequence of Gladiator and Saving Private Ryan raise the audiences expectations specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His clothes depict what class of man he is (wealthy, powerful,) and also show the genre of the film to be war as he is holding a sword and wearing armor. The first time that Tom Hanks is introduced his clothes show the genre of the movie in the same way as gladiator, but he is not instantly recognizable as the protagonist of the film; he looks just as scared as the other people on the boat and has no instant sign of authority. As the men approach the shore, the sound of gunfire can be heard, which tells the audience that a battle is happening and that these mens fear is the onslaught of battle. The opening sequence of both texts show the genre of the movie by using strong battle scenes and sounds and both introduce why Tom Hanks and Russell Crowe are the protagonists of the films. Russell Crowe walks through the ranks of his army and is referred to as General by many. The director uses this to show the authority of the character. The director of S. P. R shows Tom Hanks to be powerful by having take control of the disbanded army around him and he seems to be the least distressed by the battle going on around him. Both texts feature strong battle sequences in their opening scenes. The scenes are seen in a different way by the audience because inter-textuality will tell people that the Roman Army in Gladiator was unbeatable and the most powerful fighting force the world had ever seen. We know that the protagonist is a Roman general and we know that the opposing army is not strong enough to beat them from what has been said by the characters already so the audience has a basic idea of what to expect from the battle: the Romans are going to win. In S. P. R Tom Hanks and his army are put in an impossible position from the off set. When they hit the shore the sound of gunfire fills the air and immediately pushes them back towards the sea and in a seemingly impossible position. Tom Hanks role as the protagonist is emphasized by the way that the people around him all turn to him for orders when they first hit the shore and begin fighting. The fighting scenes in both films are shot with a hand held camera allowing the audience to feel as if they are in the battle themselves. In S. P. R a hand held camera is used from behind the German stationery guns on the bank to show how easily the Americans are being picked off from the beach. Close up shots in Gladiator show the expressions of the Roman army and none of them look scared or worried about the battle. During the battle they use close ups of the fighting to show the Roman army defeating the German army with ease. A close up of Russell Crowe is used when he turns around and almost kills one of his own men, only to stop and smile at him. This shows he is used to fighting dangerous battles and how undeterred by the fighting and the sounds around him he appears to be. The music in the two opening sequences is similar and is used to create the same affect on the audience. The slow first scenes of the two movies have very little sound as the directors want you to focus on the messages on the screen. The flag at the start of S. P. R symbolizes what the Americans were fighting for: the love of their country. Gladiator features a hand being run through a field which tells you little apart from that the hand belongs to someone who is married. The battle scenes in the two films have very little music but you can hear the sounds of the battle distinctly. In S. P. R the sounds of gunfire is very loud and the cries of the men screaming and yelling are quite disturbing. In Gladiator the sounds of clashing swords fills the air with cries coming only from the German army. Music is absent as it is normally used to project the emotions of the characters on screen onto the audience. In a scene with a strong battle there are so many emotions of so many people fighting that there wouldnt be enough music to symbolize what they were all feeling. I think that Gladiator raises the audiences expectations more in the opening sequences as they show the Roman army to be brutal and unmerciful which is shown more and more in the rest of the film. Saving Private Ryan has a brilliantly directed opening and gives the audience a real insight into what war is like. Yet the rest of the film goes downhill and doesnt give you what you would expect from the dazzling opening sequences.

Museum of modern art essays

Museum of modern art essays Museum of Modern Art, also known as MoMA, was the first museum to devote its collection entirely to the modern movement. The museum was founded in 1929 by three public citizens, Lillie P. Bliss, Mary Quinn Sullivan and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. The works in the museum collection date from the 1880s to the present day and include many icons of modern and contemporary art. From an initial gift of eight prints and one drawing, the permanent collection has grown to encompass more than 100,000 works in a variety of mediums. The museum is initially located in Manhattan at 53rd street. Due to its growth the museum is currently undergoing major renovation and expansion, thus it has been move to a temporary location at 33rd street in Queens. One Sunday afternoon I went to visit the museum at its Queens location. The building that was once a Swingline staple factory has now turned into a blue collection of thought and expression of the greatest minds. There is a sensation upon entering MoMA QNS. The big blue half block building stands out in the middle of faded factory and industrial buildings. There is no luck waking directly up to the ticket counter. As soon as I enter the museum I come across a set of stairs that leads to the security check. Then a ninety-degree turn lead to a hallway going down and another stairs going up. The hallway leads to the main lobby and the ticket both while the stairs leads to the mezzanine. On the mezzanine it has gift shop and a caf. People are sitting around the round tables, having coffee and discussions among themselves. On the white wall of the hallway, it has various presentations with projection TV. One of them is a clip of a busy street from the street level. Only the part of a cars tire and peoples foot can be seen at a close distance. The biggest one was the projection of a huge aquarium with human shadows enjoying the swimming and scrawling of the fishes. ...

Managing the risks of organizational accidents by James T. Reason Essay

Managing the risks of organizational accidents by James T. Reason - Essay Example As the above diagrams elucidate there are layers of defenses placed at every step of operation. When a latent error happens due to at one stage the next operating layer has defenses so that the mistake is not passed on in the chain of procedures. Only when all the layers of operation fall in line to allow for the lapse to carry on does the entire system come crashing down. The first chapter on "Hazards, Defenses and Losses" brings to light the type of errors (human or organizational) that may occur, the precautions or defenses a person or an organization may take in order to prevent them. Also talked of are the tangible and intangible losses that have to be borne. "The Human Contribution" is a chapter devoted to the prospect of human error. Though the book in its entirety does not hold individuals responsible for a systemic failure, the many times human errors led to large scale mishaps are explored here. Important examples include the Apollo 13 slip-up, Glenborough disaster, Three Mile Island nuclear reactor accident etc. "Maintenance cans Seriously Damage your System" is a misnomer as the author presents sets of bad maintenance leading towards the damage of the entire structure. It is a continuation from the previous chapter of the human factor responsible for great errors. "Navigating the Safety Space" is a chapter wherein the author forays into the amount of leeway allowable to a system before it crashes. The next four chapters are useful instruction guides to policy makers; design engineers etc. to make for defect minimizing systems. In "A Practical Guide to Error Management" the author writes on the hands down approach to managing errors. The chapter "The Regulator's Unhappy Lot" explains the measures and methods of restructuring an organization to steer clear of catastrophes. Chapter 9, "Engineering a Safety Culture" suggests a whole lot of relevant arguments for creating a safety culture within an establishment. "Reconciling the Different Approaches to Safety Management", the final chapter calls upon managers, engineers and the maintenance people to adapt to appropriate safety techniques in order to avoid the risks of ending up with a disaster financially, materially or otherwise. Critique: The book is a compulsory read for all personnel working in risky atmosphere, hazardous industries etc. The author has used all his expertise in dealing with the issue of accident negation or at least reduction. Strengths: The strength of the book lies in its simplicity. The easy to understand language and lucid style make it a universal reference guide for managers and workers alike. Weaknesses: Apparently there appear no

Is PTSD linked to criminal behavior Research Paper

Is PTSD linked to criminal behavior - Research Paper Example In chapter 8 it discusses in detail the possibility of a correlation between psychological disorders like PTSD and criminal behavior. It also furnishes very relevant and useful statistics pertaining to mentally ill offenders in state and federal prisons. It presents the conclusions from many studies regarding the prevalence of mental illness amongst criminals. It is a very informative source which facilitates important insight regarding the research question from a practical, statistical and academic perspective. Chapter 7 in this book is exclusively about childhood post traumatic stress disorder and criminal behavior. It delves on the ramifications of exposure to stressful and catastrophic events on children. The book summarizes various scientific studies that link childhood trauma to juvenile delinquency, drug abuse and criminal behavior. The approach of this book towards the question under consideration is very scientific and analytical. Chapter 7 also gives a detailed historical overview of the study of childhood stress and trauma and its relation to criminal behavior. Overall, it is a reliable scientific source that will make immense contribution to the research question. It is an elaborate and detailed, peer reviewed article that offers a literature review of the prior studies focused on the association between PTSD and criminal behavior in the offenders serving sentences in state and federal prisons. This article makes an immense contribution to the selected research question in the sense that it is a compilation of the approaches and views of the previous researchers associated with the issue of PTSD and criminal behavior. This is an immensely useful source as it examines the linkage between PTSD and violent behavior. The conclusions of this article are extremely reliable as it studies the association between violent behavior

Multicutural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicutural Communication - Essay Example Ethnocentrism is one problem that can adversely impact communication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Lack of knowledge on cultural differences when communicating presents a problem especially with globalisation of the business environment. Cultural determinants such as traditions, communication practices and thought process are important in multicultural communication. Clinging to manner of conducting business that is ethnocentric for instance can cause a major problem of communication between individuals. Language differences present a very critical barrier to effective cross-cultural communication; translation difficulties, failure of conveying subtle language distinctions and cultural variations between people speaking the same language inform language problems business communication (Mathews and Thakkar, 2012). Environment is a source of problems in multicultural communication. Manners in which people utilize available resources differ markedly between cultures and as such cultural biases with regard to the technological and natural environment cause communication conflicts. Most of us are culturally accustomed perceive the environment in certain ways and as such the usage of technology. Variations in social values across cultures can also present major communication conflicts. As such it is therefore important to consider the social valued held by others on issues such as education, nepotism, class structures and religion etc in order to achieve effective communications. Nonverbal behaves and temporal conception also communication conflicts with significant impact especially in the international business settings. Use of nonverbal signs of communications and understanding of time may differ on cultural lines and thus present problems when individuals from different cultures interact (Prat t-Johnson, 2006). To

Dysbiosis and the Risk of Developing Mental Disorders

Dysbiosis and the Risk of Developing Mental Disorders Topic: Dysbiosis increases the risk of developing mental disorders       Dysbiosis is recognized as a microbial imbalance on or inside the body like a damaged microbiota. It is the most generally known in gastrointestinal tract but also can take place everywhere with a defined mucous membrane such as skin flora and gut flora. The potential causes of dysbiosis are mainly induced from contaminated food or water and improper antibiotics dosage. For instance, taking antibiotics kills the sensitive bacteria but the resistant germs can also be left to grow and breed. There is significant information to show the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is connected with the pathogenesis of extra intestinal disorders. The roles of gut microbiome in establishing brain development and neurological function, and the mechanisms that the gut microbiotic of dysbiosis contributing to two example of mental health disorders, depression and Irritable bowel syndrome are outlined. Figure 1. The bidirectional communication system between CNS and the gastrointestinal tract (Gut-Brain-Axis). The brain is able to influence the intestinal microbiota while the microbiota is capable to affect the brain development and functions, resulting in mental disorders. The gut microbiota correlates with central nervous system which is vital for the brain development and functions. The bidirectional communication system between CNS and the gastrointestinal tract is called Gut-Brain Axis since the CNS is capable of constantly altering the gut permeability, microbiota configuration and secretion via the initiation of the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis [7]. Moreover, Gut-brain-Axis is responsible to coordinate gut actions in order to associate the emotional centres of the brain with external intestinal functions like immune initiation, intestinal permeability and entero-endocrine signalling. Furthermore, the gut microbiota is involved in maintaining an equilibrium of homeostasis and providing protection against outer pathogens by activating the integration of defensive mucus lining of the gut epithelial cells. When the microbial gut is lake of balance, dysbiosis would be occurred and inflammation is prompted by intestinal permeability change and damaged gut barrier with the access of external antigens such as toxins, microorganisms and gluten to the interior. Additionally, a number of pathogens of diseases are expressed to interrupt the epithelial tight junctions to increase the intestinal permeability and lead to leaky gut so as to launch autoimmunological responses and induce neurological disorders like the depressive-like behaviours by altering gut microbiota composition. Firstly, an example of the mental health disorder is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) which is known as depression by minimum two weeks of low mood followed with declining of self-esteem. Depression-like alternations is examined in germ-free mice and indicated that the increased density of pro-inflammatory cytokines which is expressed in MDD  46 is resulted from the linkage with gut microbiome. Moreover, concentrations of serum antibodies countered to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative enterobacteria are greater in patients with MDD than in control individuals  51. Thus, it would induce stress-related disorders by increasing gut permeability and bacterial translocation  22,  52.  Also, the altered microbiota configuration is suggested to promote depressive states and dysbiosis. Figure 2. The comparison of a healthy gut and a leaky gut. Under homeostasis, the intestinal epithelial linked with the tight function to inhibit gut microorganisms, food particles etc. to go across the barrier. There is normal intestinal permeability and intact intestinal barrier. When a leaky gut is occurred, the barrier is damaged and increase the intestinal permeability, allowing the undesired passage for the pathogen, gluten, casein etc, which can induce an inflammation and results in mental disorders. The major neuroendocrine mechanism in human is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the activation of this axis stimulate various psychological stressors [130]. Additionally, the cells transfer the signaling molecules into gut lumen in the lamina propria which is under the regulation of the CNS, resulting in alternations in gastrointestinal motility and secretion and also the intestinal permeability in order to change the GIT system in which the bacteria existed in [2]. The mechanism of MDD linked with microbiota is evaluated by comparing the healthy gut and the gut with disease. From figure 2, the intestinal epithelium which is the largest mucosal surface in human body. It is used to provide an inhibition between the host and the environment and it is crucial in establishing the equilibrium of the organism with healthy condition. Under a healthy state, the intestinal epithelial associated with the tight function which prevent the undigested food particles from passing through and the absorptive cells fit close together with the mucus layer which can significantly act as a barrier to bacteria and antigens from outside. The reign of symbiotic microbiota, an intestinal barrier integrity is maintained and used to control pathobiont overgrowth inside the intestinal area and the function of a healthy gut establish the symbiotic relationship between CNS and gut microbiota. However, in the condition of pathological stress or disease, the epithelial barrier is damaged and the gaps between the cells are wider which leads to the increase of the intestinal permeability. Intestinal dysbiosis can negatively affect gut physiology causing improper brain-gut axis signalling and leading effects for CNS functions and disease conditions. Furthermore, stress linked with CNS can also influence gut function and contribute distress of the microbiota. An alternation in the balance of symbionts and pathobionts leads to pathobiont overgrowth and results in dysbiosis, allowing the channel for the translocation of pathological bacteria across the mucosal lining to sites where gives rise to the activation of an immune response recognized by increasing production of peripheral pro-inflammatory mediators and eventually the CNS, inflammation is initiated. When the inflammatory activity is launched, macrophages leads to pathogenesis through unsuitable responses to enteric microbial activation, incapable elimination of microbes from host organisms, defective pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory responses and also deficit of barriers role. This contributes to the greater translocation of pathogenic bacterial constituent from the intestinal mucosa to the systemic circuits where they can stimulate innate immunity and generate pro-inflammatory cytokines, causing the systemic inflammation with an abnormal gut. Therefore, a leaky gut or impaired intestinal permeability is associated the GI dysfunction and the impaired CNS function to induce psychiatric disorders such as depression. The mechanism shows that depression affect the composition and stability of gut microbiota and also the bidirectional communication between microbiota and the CNS arouse stress reactions. Figure 3. Pathways involved in communication between the gut microbiota and the brain including cortisol, cytokines, vagus and enteric nervous system. The brain requires theses pathways to alter the composition of gut microbiota with the state of stress-related disorders. The HPA axis control cortisol secretion and cortisol influence immune cells involving cytokine secretion. Cortisol changes gut permeability and barrier function and hence alter the gut microbiota composition. Moreover, the gut microbiota and probiotics can change the concentrations of circulating cytokines and this affects brain functions. The vagus nerve and regulation of tryptophan contribute to the influence of the gut microbiota to the brain. Also, SCFAs are neuroactive bacteria metabolites that regulate brain and behaviour. Secondly, another example of mental disorder is Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) which is a stress-related disorder linked with Gut-Brain- Axis in order to alter gut microbiota characterization (Carroll et al., 2011) and increase intestinal permeability (Dunlop et al., 2006). Moreover, depression or anxiety anticipate IBS symptoms in the high frequency of patients and psychological characterization incline earlier healthy people to cause IBS after gastroenteritis.[27][28] (Singh et al., 2012). These stress responses in the body associate with the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system to perform abnormally in IBS patients. It has a similar mechanism to the MDD and also adapt the HPA axis which modulate cortisol secretion and the cortisol influence immune cells involving cytokine secretion. Cortisol can alter gut permeability and permit bacteria or bacterial antigens to go through the epithelial barrier and this leads to mucosal immune response stimulated which can change the microbiome composition 131]. It is also indicated that a subtle impact on bacterial flora giving rise to greater adhesion and bacterial translocation owing to higher barrier permeability. Significantly, chronic stress damages the intestinal barrier, causing it leaky and raising the circulating level of immune modulator which is the element of bacterial cell wall called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [134]. LPS transposition can switch on the inherited immune system and advancement of inflammatory actions to generate an autoimmune reaction such as the stress-related disorders. Additionally, the mechanism involves several molecules in the brain-gut-microbiota axis to induce physiological functions. The tryptophan metabolism is affected to brain function regulation which is induced by the gut microbiota (reviewed by OMahony ). Additionally, tryptophan is a crucial amino acid which is used to go through the blood brain barrier and involve in serotonin synthesis when the tryptophan is consumed from the gut. Furthermore, in the condition of pathogenic microbial infections in the gut, this pathway is triggered and the tryptophan from the body stock is depleted. Hence, this causes the deficiency of serotonin supply and result in IBS. Besides, the Short Chain Fatty Acids are known as butyrate, acetate, and propionate which act as signalling molecules and possess immunomodulatory characteristics. They cooperate with nerve cells by activating the sympathetic and autonomic nervous system through G-protein-coupled receptors.195 Furthermore, they can go across the Blood brain barrier to modulate brain development and behaviour19 6,  197,  198 in order to establish the IBS development.199 Besides, the serotonin, 5-HT, is a signalling molecule in the brain-gut-microbiota axis to regulate the intestinal permeability and use to stimulate sensory nerve to signal the CNS. Hence, this pathway involving different signalling molecules correlated with microbiota and initiated the leaky gut is significantly increase the risk of developing neurological disorder by dysbiosis. In conclusion, dysbiosis increases the risk of developing mental disorders such as the Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Both disorders linked with microbiota and require the similar pathways. Dysbiosis with an impaired microbiota correlated with the CNS significantly. The Gut-brain-Axis is responsible to coordinate gut actions and deliver the stress response to the brain by the HPA axis in order to increase the intestinal permeability and damage the intestinal barrier. Followed by several signalling molecules such as tryptophan, 5-HT and SCFAs, the resulted leaky gut and alternation in microbiota composition would contribute to the depressive like behaviours and other neurological disorders. For the future perspective, the mental illness induced by the dysbiosis with altered microbiota can be monitored with appropriate probiotic supplementation and change of metabolomics condition in order to influence the essential changes with both gastrointestina l and neurological significance. References: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dr_Ajit_Thakur/publication/260425062_Gut-microbiota_and_mental_health_Current_and_future_perspectives/links/00b7d53134a2bcb221000000.pdf http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v21/n6/full/mp201650a.html https://jphysiolanthropol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40101-015-0061-7 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166223613000088 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16512235.2017.1281916 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nmo.12378/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889159115001105 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095816691400175X https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4879184/ https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Pharmacology/pharmacology-2-1016.php http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/855131 https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/psychobiotics-a-promise-for-neurodevelopmental-therapy-2329-8901-1000146.php?aid=72039view=mobile http://www.yeastinfection.org/anxiety-depression-candida-connection/ http://www.healthygutbugs.com/probiotics-next-big-anti-anxiety-remedy/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315779/

Free Essays on Homers Odyssey: Penelopes Enduring Faithfulness :: Odyssey essays

Penelope's Enduring Faithfulness in Homer's Odyssey Penelope, the wife of Odysseus, can be contrasted in various ways to the other characters in Homer's poem The Odyssey. In many ways, Penelope embodies the "ideal" woman, in that she conforms to the values and ideals of her society. These ideals include faithfulness, loyalty, willpower, long-suffering, pride in one's home and family, and hospitality to strangers. The majority of the other characters in the poem lack one or more of these attributes. Although Odysseus proves to be a character of strong will and determination throughout the Trojan War and the trials he endured at sea, he demonstrates weakness and wavering resolve when he is faced with sexual temptation. For example, when enticed by Circe to "mingle and make love," Odysseus submits to her appeals and enters her "flawless bed of love," thus committing adultery against his wife Penelope (Book X). When Circe tells Odysseus to remain with her, he "could not help consenting." Odysseus remains with Circe and continues to be unfaithful to Penelope for the duration of a year. It is only after hearing the appeals of his men that Odysseus decides to head back out to sea. Later, Odysseus has another adulterous relationship with the nymph Kalypso. This relationship endures for seven years. Throughout his stay on Kalypso's island, Odysseus weeps for Penelope, yet he continues to lie with Kalypso every night (Book V). In contrast, Penelope exemplifies tremendous will power and resourcefulness in that she remains faithful to Odysseus throughout his exile. While awaiting her husband's return, Penelope endures perpetual insolence and sexual advances from the suitors who invade her household. Penelope rebuffs the advances of the suitors and remains a devoted and faithful wife. Deferring the suitors is no easy task; therefore Penelope is very resourceful and goes to great lengths to postpone marriage to one of them. She puts the men off for three years by promising to marry one of them upon her completion of a burial shroud for her father-in-law, Laertes. In order to delay the completion of the shroud, she unravels her work every night (Book II, p. 223). Penelope also privately sends promises to each of the suitors in order to divide them so that they will not unanimously demand a decision from her as to which one she